This issue occurs due to a failure in the signature check of any Pulse Secure client component when launched via Internet Explorer. In the debug log, the following message will occur:
Not signed by trusted entity
unsigned application [C:\Users\.\AppData\Roaming\Pulse Secure\Setup Client\PulseSetupClient.exe]
detected.
DSInvokeSetupClient - 'DSInvokeSetupClient::invokeSetupClient()' ERROR: launchSetupClient() failed